# Redirection — Linux

Source: https://www.geekswithgeeks.com/en/linux/linux-redirection

> Sending stdout and stderr wherever you want.

## Two output streams

Every process has **stdout** (normal output) and **stderr** (error output), plus **stdin** for input. Redirection lets you send these to files instead of the screen.

## >, >> and 2>

`>` overwrites a file with stdout, `>>` appends, `2>` captures stderr separately.

```bash
ls /etc > listing.txt        # overwrite
ls /etc >> listing.txt       # append
ls /nope 2> errors.txt       # stderr only
```

Output:

```
cat errors.txt
# ls: cannot access '/nope': No such file or directory
```

## Discard output

`/dev/null` is a black hole — redirect unwanted output there: `command > /dev/null 2>&1` silences everything.