Creating Files & Directories

touch & mkdir

touch creates an empty file (or updates its timestamp). mkdir creates a directory.

touch notes.txt
mkdir projects
ls

Output:

notes.txt  projects

Nested directories

mkdir -p creates parent directories as needed, without erroring if they already exist.

mkdir -p projects/app/src
ls -R projects

Output:

projects:
app

projects/app:
src

Avoid spaces & special chars

File names with spaces need quotes or escaping: touch "my file.txt" or touch my\ file.txt. Prefer hyphens or underscores instead.